Risk factors of HBV intrauterine transmission among HBsAg‐positive pregnant women

Little is known about the risk factors associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) intrauterine transmission among HBsAg‐positive mothers. We conducted a study in Taiyuan, China, including 1133 HBsAg‐positive mothers and their babies. A total of 101 neonates had HBsAg and/or HBV DNA positive with an intrauterine transmission rate of 8.9%. Maternal menstrual irregularity (OR = 4.95, 95% CI: 1.71, 14.33) and severe nausea during the first trimester (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.11, 3.09) were associated with an increased risk of intrauterine transmission, while caesarean delivery (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.51) was associated with a decreased risk after adjusting for potential confounders. Maternal HBeAg positive was a strong independent predictor for intrauterine transmission (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.54, 4.27). A positive association between maternal HBV DNA levels and intrauterine transmission was suggested. Maternal HBIG administration during pregnancy, family history of HBV infection and premature rupture of membranes was not associated with the risk of intrauterine transmission. The study confirmed that maternal HBeAg positive was a risk factor and caesarean delivery was a protective factor for intrauterine transmission. The new findings associated with menstrual irregularity and severe nausea during the first trimester warrant further investigation.     

山西省4地市乙肝及相关疾病直接费用及其影响因素分析

目的 估算山西省4地市乙肝及相关疾病的直接费用并分析其影响因素.方法 采用整群抽样方法选择调查医院,利用问卷调查的方式获取直接费用及相关信息.采用EpiData 3.1软件双人平行录入建立数据库,采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行分析.结果 ①乙肝患者年均直接费用分别为：急性乙肝19 345.77元,慢性乙肝24321.58元,乙肝后肝硬化27 761.35元,重型乙肝18 515.44元,原发性肝癌25 772.36元,其中药费所占的比例最大.②乙肝患者直接费用占家庭年收入56.86％,占人均收入205.54％,占例均GDP 68.73％.③4地市乙肝患者直接医疗费用、直接非医疗费用总体来说,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.④家庭月收入、是否抗病毒治疗、医保类型、疾病类型对乙肝患者年均直接费用的影响有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 ①乙肝相关疾病患者的直接费用仍很高.②乙肝相关疾病患者的直接费用对个人、家庭及社会带来了巨大的经济负担.③进一步调整收入分配,改善医疗保障制度有助于减轻乙肝患者及家庭的经济负担.     

Beyond amyloid: Getting real about nonamyloid targets in Alzheimer's disease

For decades, researchers have focused primarily on a pathway initiated by amyloid beta aggregation, amyloid deposition, and accumulation in the brain as the key mechanism underlying the disease and the most important treatment target. However, evidence increasingly suggests that amyloid is deposited early during the course of disease, even prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Thus, targeting amyloid in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), as past failed clinical trials have done, may be insufficient to halt further disease progression. Scientists are investigating other molecular and cellular pathways and processes that contribute to AD pathogenesis. Thus, the Alzheimer's Association's Research Roundtable convened a meeting in April 2012 to move beyond amyloid and explore AD as a complex multifactorial disease, with the goal of using a more inclusive perspective to identify novel treatment strategies.     

衣达拉奉预给药对油酸致急性肺损伤大鼠的作用及机制

目的探讨依达拉奉预先给药后,对油酸致急性肺损伤（acutelunginjure,ALI）模型大鼠的作用及机制。方法雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为3组（n：10）：对照组（A组）腹腔注射10mL／kg的0．9％氯化钠注射液后,鼠尾静脉注射0．9％氯化钠注射液0．1mL／kg;ALI组（B组）腹腔注射10mL／kg的0．9％氯化钠注射液后,静脉注射油酸0．1mL／kg制备ALI模型;依达拉奉组（C组）腹腔注射10mL／kg的依达拉奉后同B组方法建立ALI模型。6h后处死大鼠,抽取腹主动脉血液行血气分析测定血氧分压（PO2）,用ELISA法测定血液中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）的含量及肺组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的含量,分离大鼠右肺中叶,测定肺组织湿／干重比（W／D）。结果与A组相比,B、C组大鼠腹主动脉血PO：、肺组织SOD含量均低于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。C组PO：、SOD低于A组,但是其降低的幅度小于B组,与B组相比,C组PO：、SOD高,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组w／D、TNF-α、NO、MDA的含量均低于B、C组;B组W／D、TNF-α、NO、MDA的含量均增加明显,与A组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;C组W／D、TNF-α、NO、MDA的含量增加幅度小,与B组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论预先注射依达拉奉不能减少肺损伤的发生率,但可减轻油酸诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤程度,其机制可能与清除氧自由基和抑制炎性因子释放有关。     

HBsAg阳性母亲C基因型HBV DNA CpG岛分布特点和宫内传播的关系

目的:探讨HBsAg阳性母亲C基因型HBV DNA CpG岛的类型、长度、CG位点等的分布特点及其与HBV宫内传播的关系,为HBV宫内传播机制研究提供新视角。方法:连续收集2011年6月至2013年7月太原市第三人民医院妇产科住院分娩的HBsAg阳性母亲及其新生儿,通过面对面问卷调查及电子病历收集流行病学资料,采用电化...     

HBsAg阳性母亲HBV感染状况与婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的关系

目的 分析HBsAg阳性母亲HBV感染状况与婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的关系。方法 2011年6月至2013年7月采用前瞻性研究的方法选择225对HBsAg阳性母亲及其新生儿作为研究对象,新生儿按0-1-6免疫接种程序接种乙肝疫苗并随访至婴儿1周岁,采用电化学发光免疫分析法和荧光定量PCR检测母亲及婴儿外周血HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA载量。结果 HBsAg阳性母亲共检测出6种HBV感染模式,常见模式"HBsAg（+）、HBeAg（+）、抗-HBc（+）"（模式一）与" HBsAg（+）、抗-HBe（+）、抗-HBc（+）"（模式二）所占比例最多（92.5%,208/225）;母亲HBV感染为模式一时,婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率（11.3%）低于母亲HBV感染为模式二时的婴儿无/弱应答率（23.4%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.80,P=0.029）,随着母亲HBeAg水平的升高,婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率呈现下降趋势（χ²=4.86,P=0.028）;经非条件logistic回归模型控制其他因素影响后结果显示,母亲HBeAg与降低婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答发生风险有关（OR=0.598,95%CI：0.378~0.947）;HBsAg阳性母亲HBV DNA阳性率为54.2%,未发现母亲HBV DNA阳性与其婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率有关（χ²=0.22,P=0.640）。结论 HBsAg阳性母亲HBV感染模式以"HBsAg（+）、HBeAg（+）、抗-HBc（+）"与"HBsAg（+）、抗-HBe（+）、抗-HBc（+）"模式为主,且该2种模式下婴儿乙肝疫苗免疫应答情况有所不同;母亲HBeAg可能是其婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的保护因素;尚未发现HBsAg阳性母亲HBV DNA与婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答有关联。     

HBsAg阳性母亲HBV核心启动子突变与宫内传播的关系

目的 分析HBV为C基因型的HBsAg阳性母亲核心启动子（BCP）区突变与宫内传播的关系。方法 2011年6月至2013年7月太原市第三人民医院妇产科HBsAg阳性母亲及新生儿399对。收集一般人口学资料,采用荧光定量PCR和电化学发光法分别检测母婴血清HBV DNA及HBV血清学标志物。选择HBV DNA载量≥10⁶ IU/ml的113例母亲为研究对象,其新生儿发生宫内传播的22例为宫内传播组,随机选取其中22例未发生宫内传播者作为对照组,母亲HBV DNA经提取、扩增、克隆、测序和序列编辑及剪接后与从NCBI下载的标准序列比对进行基因分型,最终选择C基因型的39例母亲进行突变分析。结果 HBV为C基因型（88.63%）的母亲共39例,其中宫内传播组19例,对照组20例。母亲A1762T/G1764A双突变率在两组差异显著（7.53% vs.27.72%,P<0.001）。非条件logistic回归分析显示A1762T/G1764A双突变可能是宫内传播的保护因素（aOR=0.065,95% CI：0.006～0.746,P=0.028）。母亲A1762T/G1764A双突变可能与新生儿HBeAg水平有关（P=0.050）。结论 HBV C基因型的HBsAg阳性母亲HBV DNA BCP区A1762T/G1764A双突变可能降低HBV宫内传播的风险。     

Diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury in Japanese patients by criteria of Consensus Meetings in Europe

Eighty-five Japanese patients with drug-induced liver injury were assessed by criteria of Consensus Meetings in Europe on causality assessment of drug-induced liver injury. Histopathological investigation was performed for all patients to confirm the diagnosis. We divided these patients into two groups by the date of disease onset. Cases before 1989 were defined as past cases, and those after 1990 as recent cases, because the clinical-pathological characteristics of drug-induced liver injury have changed due to the ability to diagnose hepatitis C virus infection since 1990. Fifty-seven patients with drug-induced liver injury were enrolled as past cases, and 28 as recent cases. For past cases, the results of assessment by the criteria of Consensus Meetings in Europe were as follows: ‘very likely’: 14 patients (25%), ‘likely’: 23 patients (40%), ‘possible’: 15 patients (26%), ‘dubious’: five patients (9%), and ‘unlikely’: none (0%). For recent cases, the results were as follows: ‘very likely’: six patients (22%), ‘likely’: 14 patients (42%), ‘possible’: six patients (22%), ‘dubious’: two patients (7%), and ‘unlikely’: none (0%). There were no differences between the past and recent cases in distribution of assessment. More than 90% of patients were assessed as ‘possible’ or more, and the remaining seven patients were assessed as ‘dubious’. No patients were assessed as ‘unlikely’. Five of seven patients assessed as ‘dubious’ had long-term cholestasis, and two had alcohol consumption. These results indicated that the criteria of Consensus Meetings in Europe were useful for diagnosing drug-induced liver injury in Japanese patients.     

乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染新生儿外周血T细胞亚群表达

目的探讨T细胞亚群在乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)宫内感染新生儿外周血中的表达和意义。方法选择HBV表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性孕妇及其分娩新生儿276例,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测孕妇和新生儿外周血HBV标志物,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测母亲和新生儿外周血HBV DNA含量,用流式细胞仪检测新生儿外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞亚群的水平。结果 HBV宫内感染的新生儿外周血CD3+、CD4+T细胞和CD4+/CD8+低于未感染新生儿,HBV宫内感染新生儿CD8+高于未感染新生儿,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论尚未发现HBV宫内感染新生儿外周血T细胞亚群表达失调。